The Giant Panda Conservation Project

Although pandas are highly regarded and have a relatively low number of natural predators, they are an endangered species. Humans have severely threatened the panda's existence also so that now there are fewer than 1,600 of them left in the wild. This peaceful creature with a distinctive black and white coat is adored by the world and considered a national treasure in China (WWF, 2013). The bear also is of special importance to the World Wildlife Fund. The panda has been WWF's logo since its founding in 1961. This paper will examine the effectiveness of, and problems related to, the giant panda conservation efforts. The rarest member of the bear family, pandas live mainly in bamboo forests high in the mountains of western China, where they subsist almost entirely on bamboo. They must eat from 26 to 84 pounds of it every day. China’s Yangtze Basin region, which holds the panda’s primary habitat, is the geographic and economic heart of this booming country. An increasing number of roads and railroads are being created throughout the forest, which isolates panda populations and prevents mating. Forest destruction also reduces pandas’ ability to access the bamboo they need to survive. The Chinese government has established more than 50 panda reserves. However, only around 61 per cent of the country’s panda population is protected by these reserves. With the help of conservation organizations and other groups, they have protected more than 45 per cent of the last mountainous regions, equaling over 6,000 square miles of mountain and forest terrain known to be inhabited by wild pandas. They have also set aside corridors of new bamboo for their protection from domesticated animal grazing, and human interference (International, 2013). Chengdu is known for being the hometown of the giant panda. Back in 1987, when it became apparent that pandas were seriously endangered in the wild, the Chinese created the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. Starting with just six pandas from the wild, they’ve successfully bred more than 100 pandas. The work done at Chengdu and other breeding centers costs millions of dollars a year. Experts believe that of all species in the world, the giant panda is the one species in which the most money is being invested in to save. This has lead some conservationists to argue that too much is being spent to save the giant panda. â€Å"I think we have to make tough choices,† British wildlife expert, Chris Packham, said. â€Å"I think that, ultimately, we have to be pragmatic as well as sentimental. You know, we can't allow our heart to rule our conservation head†¦ and if we channel this much into just one species, then many others which could be far better helped, many others not just species, but communities and ecosystems, could be better protected at the expense of one fluffy, cuddly bear† (Snow, 2013). Packham is in the minority here, but more and more scientists are starting to agree with him. The Chinese government has had much success in educating the public about the future of the giant panda, by setting in place protection against poaching, and even gun control for the reserves. By educating the public, more and more pandas have been brought to the Research Center for recovery and medical care due to injuries or illness. Logging has been banned in the reserves and the bamboo corridors. The roads providing access to the reserves are also being patrolled to help prevent anyone entering without express authority, for the care or study of the environment or the pandas. However, as Packham states, â€Å"Pandas are extraordinarily expensive to keep going. We spend millions and millions of pounds on pretty much this one species, and few others, when we know that the best thing we could do would be to look after the world's biodiversity hotspots with greater care. † His way of thinking is that without a habitat, there is nothing to work with. His suggestion is that we take all the cash we spend on pandas and buy rainforests with it. He realizes that it is the natural response to want to spend money and time on the panda because they are so cute and cuddly. They just pull at peoples' heart strings because of their appearance. The pandas are symbolic of what he refers to as single-species conservation: i. e. , a focus on one animal. This approach began in the 1970s with Save the Tiger, Save the Panda, Save the Whale, and so on, and it is now out of date. His belief is that pandas have had a valuable role in raising the profile of conservation, but perhaps ‘had' is the right word. Panda conservationists say that the panda is a flagship species. But we're also conserving Chinese forests, where there are many other species. As long as this conservation works, Mr. Packham states that he is all for it. But some species are stronger than others. The panda is not a strong species of bear in his opinion. It has gone herbivorous and eats a type of food that isn't ll that nutritious, and so is dying out little by little. It is susceptible to various diseases and, up until recently, has been almost impossible to breed in captivity. This species also has a very limited area of habitation, which is decreasing, since the Chinese population keeps finding ways to use their land. While Mr. Packham's points are valid, it seems he ignores the fact that pandas play a crucial role in the bamboo forests where they roam by spreading seeds and facilit ating growth of vegetation. Also, in the Yangtze Basin where pandas live, the forests are home to wildlife such as dwarf blue sheep, multi-colored pheasants and other endangered species, including the golden monkey, and various birds that are not found anywhere else in the world (WWF, 2013), making the panda a very effective flag ship species, which is something that Packham himself stated was worth preserving. One belief is that large animals can be extremely useful in the cause for conservation. Smaller creatures often don't need a big habitat to live in, so in conservation terms, it's better to strive to save something further up the food chain. By doing this, you are protecting a much larger area, which will also include the smaller animals. Pandas are a good example for the messages you want to put out on habitat conservation. We associate Borneo with the orangutans, the southern oceans with the blue whale, and the North with polar bears. So it is with China and the panda bears (Snow, 2013). Many revere the panda bear and their preservation is important to the Chinese culture. People respond to their situation, which does make a difference. References Benedictus, L. (2009). Should pandas be left to face extinction? | Environment | The Guardian. Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian. Retrieved April 27, 2013, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/sep/23/panda-extinction-chris-packham International, C. (2013). Threats to Pandas. Conservation International. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from http://www.conservation.org/learn/biodiversity/species/profiles/pandas/pandas/overview/Pages/threats.aspx Snow, K. (2013). Are giant pandas worth saving? – Rock Center with Brian Williams. Rock Center with Brian Williams.

Progress report on internet abuse and employee productivity case study Essay

The internet has able to improve business by increasing productivity because of improved information dissemination and decision-making, however employers are concerned by employees who use it for their personal and social needs during working hours which occurs because the workplace give them a sense of privacy. The monitoring of employee internet use has created tensions between employers, who monitor employee use to protect data leakage and check employee productivity, and employees, who feel a breach of trust whenever monitored, who suggest that casual internet use is not detrimental, and who have felt emotional and physical problems because of monitoring. The internet has had significant impact in the 1995 economic boom despite studies which show that this is only felt in the microeconomic level. A UN report has shown that American employees are less productive than their European and Asian counterparts because they cannot improve side-by-side with the effects of Moore’s Law. Organizations which have put in investments in technology improvements have not felt the supposed exponential increase in revenue and increase in market share because they have not reduced input resources such as the number of employees and that their employees have not increased in knowledge or productivity. It was suggested that to reduce productivity losses non-internet tasks should increase, productivity benchmark methods revised and incentives given to productive employees. IT was also suggested that to avoid employee-employer conflicts, the employer must give ample time for internet use, enforce a written internet and e-mail use policy, forge a company website that will help employees to finish tasks, and keep a friendly working atmosphere. The employees in turn must not use the internet often for personal use and enhance their productivity in line with the company’s premier interests. I have completed the entire research project and found out that employee and employer relations can be resolved following my proposed guidelines which I have made after preceding research from articles in magazines and books. I have found that employees regard monitoring as a beach of trust and had felt emotional tolls during monitoring by their bosses. Employers on the other hand only move to monitor to ensure the security of company data. I have found out that employee productivity has decreased with the increase in IT investments among companies. I have proposed guidelines and suggestions basing on my readings to decrease worker productivity losses. Work Completed I found this survey conducted by Mercer Management Consulting and have gathered that companies though they have invested much on improving technology to increase their business’ efficiency, have not yet felt the projected increase in sales. I have gathered from an article on The Economist that according to the joint research venture between MIT and U Penn the paradox that is the decrease of worker productivity despite increase in IT investments can be attributed to the factors they have laid out. This information I have placed under Technology vs. Productivity. After connecting ideas, and finding the real root of this paradox, I have now searched for references to build a suitable to-do list for employers and employees to resolve the worker productivity losses. I read a New York Times copy dated February 9, 2000, with an article saying that employers who give incentives to productive employees contributed to the increase in US productivity in the 2nd quarter of 1999. I have gathered form a copy of PC week that filtering and monitoring policies increased productivity of employees, from this idea I suggested in my research paper that employers must impose strict e-mail and internet use policy. Conclusion After so much consideration of facts, I have come up with a research paper that will explain the problems of employee productivity and internet abuse and guide employees and employers while joining forces to reduce productivity losses. Reference Gupta, Jatinder, and Sushil Sharma. â€Å"Improving Worker’s Productivity and Reducing Internet Abuse. † The Journal of Computer Information Systems 44. 2 (2004): 75-78.

Aspects of Contract and Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Aspects of Contract and Negligence - Essay Example Standard form contract is very common in today’s world; it is mainly common with large companies. It occurs when companies draft terms and conditions of their agreements with their customers. The customers are not given an option to negotiate; if they cannot comply with the terms set, then their only option is to not enter into the contractual agreement. Unilateral agreement occurs when promises are made by one party, this type of contract can be best described by an advertisement requesting any person with any information of where about of a fugitive to turn him in for a reward. Bilateral agreements, on the other hand, occur when both parties have binding terms. This is normally in commercial contracts between companies. Bilateral contractual agreement is the best in the case of Katie and the builders. This is because it allows Katie to be able to set terms as well as the builders so that the work can be to her satisfaction. If one of the parties fails to meet the terms set, then the aggrieved party has a right to take a legal action. b) Standard Form Contracts The design of standard form contract is such that, in the event of breach of an agreement, it excludes liability or limited (Stone & Stone, 2002). A clause can be used to exempt a party from liabilities if it is part of the terms of the contract. If a party signs a document without reading it, he or she becomes bound by the terms set out in the document. If the document that sets out the terms is not signed by one of the parties, it can lead to lack of action against the party that breaches the contract. The main advantage of this kind of contract is that there is no need to draft it and the terms are very certain to the parties. The risks involved in this kind of an agreement are spread over to both parties making sure that none of them is on the losing side if their expectations are not fulfilled as a result of unexpected circumstances. The only disadvantage is that parties may have a hard time interpreting terms, and can even misinterpret them that can lead to a dispute resulting to breach of contract. c) Example of a Standard Form Contract An example of a clause in standard form agreement can read, â€Å"Jane will not be liable for any damages caused by negligence caused by Sam’s company†; this means that Jane will not take responsibility for damages that may occur because of Sam’s company negligence. d) Impact of Rules of Contract to Online Agreements The era of the internet has brought drastic change on how business contracts are carried out (Poullet, 2007). However, the rules of contracts remain the same and companies doing business online have to abide to the relevant regulations (Cavazos, & Morin, 1994, 39). These regulations were passed so that consumers who shop online can be protected as well as business people who order supplies online. The UK passed Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations in 2000 to ensure that consumers who pur chase goods and services are protected. These regulations do not apply to all kind of contractual agreement involving online transactions since they do not cover contractual agreements between businesses. They were passed as a result of a directive of EU of 1997 that provided protection for consumers involved in distance contracts (Great Britain, n.d). The regulations ensure that consumers have the right to request information concerning goods or services they are to be supplied with, and how much they cost before they can

The film The Searchers by John Wayne (1868) and Mary Rowlandson Essay

The film The Searchers by John Wayne (1868) and Mary Rowlandson narrative - Essay Example The film "The Searchers" by John Wayne (1868) and Mary Rowlandson narrative. Both the narratives, on the civilizational clash between Indians and the settlers, have been criticized as racist and also gender insensitive by forthcoming critics. For example, the narrative of Rowlandson though provide many examples of Indians’ kindness to her, she seems to blindly accept of the Western stereotype of bad Indians and good â€Å"Christians† (Rowlandson, 244). She (Rowlandson) always generalizes by calling Indians â€Å"enemies†, â€Å"barbarous creatures†, â€Å"inhumane creatures† and â€Å"infidels† (Rowlandson, 14, 45, 13). Though, this is the case with Rowlandson’s narrative, she has shown the honesty not to omit any of the several kind acts that Indians, especially Indian women, did to her. But in the film, The Searchers, the hero of the film attributes not even a single good quality to the Indians. And in the first scene itself, the lead character, Ethen is seen behaving in a contempt-filled manner to the half I ndian, Martin, who is the foster son of his brother (The Searchers). Ethen even rudely tells Martin that he looks like a â€Å"half-breed† (The Searchers). Here, it has to be noted that Rowlandson had good reason to hate Indians, but Ethen had none, as far as the viewers know. Even then Ethen is found to be more intolerant towards the Indians than Rowlandson. This contradiction can partially be attributed to Rowlandson being a woman, and Ethen being a man. In all the civilizational clashes in history, men have been the conquerors while women stayed on the margins of such power game. It was never their war. And that is why Ethen is more racist than Rowlandson- because it is Ethen’s (and all the men’s) war actually. There is no where in these two depictions, even a suggestion that Westerners were also imparting similar atrocities upon Indians, which were far more wide spread as compared to the Indian excesses. The puritan attitude of the West of that period, and t he hypocrisy involved with that notion is evident from the fact that Ethen wants to murder his brother’s daughter because she became wife to an Indian, and thus strangely deprived of even the affection of her uncle (The Searchers). But in the Rowlandson narrative, Weetamoo, the wife of Rowlandson’s Indian master, is acknowledged as a powerful and self-asserting woman though Rowlandson never seems to fully realize the rights and powers that Indian women enjoy in their society (Rowlandson, 4). Rowlandson herself has described Weetamoo in the words, â€Å"a severe and proud dame she was, bestowing every day in dressing herself neat as much time as any of the gentry of the land† (37). In her narrative, there are many Indians and Indian women who give her food and shelter (Rowlandson). For example, an Indian gives her a pancake to eat when she was hungry and another Indian woman gives her a a piece of

Polymerization Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Polymerization - Coursework Example The Tg decreases with the increasing temperature within the system of the reaction (Agnes 2010). The polymerization rate is also very strongly influenced by the size of the monomer side reactions which are of importance to the Tg of the copolymers. The Tg can be decreased through an increase in the reaction temperature. This is through increasing the rate of decomposition in the reaction leading to achieving the temperature that is high. This will facilitate the Tg whether its increase or decrease because this will be through regulation of the temperature. This is easy to achieve because regulation of temperature can be achieved easily. Optimum conditions should be achieved for any polymerization reaction that is the temperatures and the time due to the high value to the rate of polymerization and other properties of the final products for the reaction. Therefore in the copolymers given in order to achieve the Tg the temperature and the other conditions required in order to get the desired product in the copolymerization there must be an increase in the temperature of the reaction (Agnes 2010). But in case the Tg very high and it need lowered then this will be facilitated the decrease temperature order acquire the desired Tg This is a very important factor in any copolymerization that will ensure that the products reached are of the desired size and shape.

Funding Healthcare System, Sharing Risk and Portfolio Theory Thesis

Funding Healthcare System, Sharing Risk and Portfolio Theory - Thesis Example 10). These processes are vital for the policy makers as well as planners who often face challenges in designing health care funding systems towards meeting the specific social, economics, and political objectives. Many countries are ever under constant pressure in issues related to social policies since they often experience increased expenditure and scarce resources. Nonetheless, the policy makers must analyze the following three options: increasing health care funding and containing costs or both. The heath care funding and expenditure crisis have introduced radical changes in the organizational and funding mechanisms within the health care sectors (Grossman, 2011; pg. 12). Since the 1970s, the cost containment is the principal driving factor in the discussion of the health care policies especially in the industrialized nations. Despite the underlying challenges in funding health care systems, an articulated and a well balance budget will provide sufficient revenue towards managing health care systems. Notably, nations have restrained themselves from bulk revenue borrowing; otherwise, economies have shift to sound economic policies with focus on revenue policies. Can these changes produce sufficient and sustainable health care funding systems? Literature Review Government or associated organizations often pay the bulk of the funding of the health care services. The major part of these funds is generated from the tax collected from the citizens of such nations. For instance, in the United Kingdom has a single payer system that governs its healthcare systems (Grossman, 2011; pg. 72). The UK taxation and health care funding system take funds directly from the government to the health care systems. In other nations like Germany and France, the government collect tax from the citizens and only fund part of the health care systems towards paying individuals and employees among other involved costs. In other nations such as America, a certain portion of the health c are system is often market based. In the market based funding systems, the health care systems are paid for by the private entities including employers and individuals. Moreover, the market-based systems require governments to provide health care to the vulnerable persons (Elton and Gruber, 1999). For example, in the United States, it is the responsibility of the federal government to fund health care systems towards supporting the disable and the elderly through its federal supported Medicaid program. On the other hand, the federal and state supported Medicaid program aims at covering the health care services for the low-income earners. These two different health care funding approaches have their different distinct applicability within the health care sector. Individuals and private organizations generally deliver the market-based systems. Moreover, a part of the systems is usually subjected to a certain level of competition. Market base funding systems is often open to many suppl iers, providers, and payers as well as persons with insurance that aims at serving their specific medical needs (Glied and Smith, 2011). In such funding mechanisms, doctors may be given a benefit of practice as a guideline that direct them of when and what different treatment to be applied; however, they are ever free in making care decisions depending on

Non-Governmental Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Non-Governmental Organizations - Essay Example In numerous countries, NGOs have led the way in democratization, in battling diseases and illnesses, in promoting and enforcing human rights, and in increasing standards of living. (Christof Galli) Although most NGOs are working for aid and relief, they have other functions as well, for example promoting education, healthcare, for businesses, political or social goals etc. Also NGOs are not entitled to work in their own respective cities or countries; there are a number on international NGOs (INGOs) which work on an international basis, or by establishing partnership with NGOs of different countries to work towards a common cause. As far as partnership among different NGOs is concerned, although they are all working towards a common interest, yet due to difference in their culture, economic state such as an NGO in a developing or a developed country, their working style etc differ from each other and thus=s leads to some problems. The purpose of this paper is to explore these problems that occur due to partnership between NGOs of different countries, from the perspective of both the developed countries such as Japan and developing countries. When working with an individual or an organization, whether it is a profit or a nonprofit organization, one of the very fundamental rules it to know the 'rules of the house'. As in case of Japan there are certain etiquettes one needs to be aware of while dealing with Japanese people. Japan has a collective culture, therefore for you do business there you have to be part of the working pattern, and explain your stance rather than taking initiatives on your own. Another important thing to know about Japanese is that they avoid using direct style of negotiating and use vague terms rather than bluntly saying "no" to something. According to Richard D. Lewis, "Don't try to be accurate in Japanese. The Japanese deliberately create ambiguity and so they answer questions indirectly - the famous thing about Japanese never saying no. They won't say anything to offend and when they are deliberately vague, they leave their options open. If you know Japanese grammar, they don't have persons like we have. There is a "going". You don't know whether you're going or we're going or he went. It's a vague language." Other tips, to be kept in mind while negotiating with Japanese include that Japanese usually view meetings to be aware of the other party's position on a certain agenda and look forward to private informal appointments for decision making purposes. Also a decision is made via consensus of the entire group involved, therefore one should not display individuality. According to Stephen Pearlman, Public Relations Manager Japan Airlines, "One of the frustrating things for a non-Japanese person in a meeting is the lack of exchange of ideas. It's quite typical for it just to be a place to report information, so it's not the kind of aggressive throwing around of ideas that you probably experience in a non-Japanese meeting." In Japan, a lot of time is dedicated to work and the organization one is working for, which will be expected from anyone who is doing business in or with the Japanese. Also, criticism is not expressed in public; rather more subtle ways are used to ask concerned questions. Japanese NGOs -- Their Origins and

The Protection of Animal Rights According to Carl Cohen Research Paper

The Protection of Animal Rights According to Carl Cohen - Research Paper Example Carl Cohen is a professor of philosophy. He is well known for his prominent contribution in philosophy. Carl argues that animals have no rights. He says that animals are not part of a community of moral agents. He continues to mention that animals are incapable of answering on moral issues. These animals, therefore, do not and can not have rights. Cohen’s views use of animals in lab experiments as not a violation of animal rights. The reason being they have no capacity to make moral claims. Cohen asserts that, although animals have no rights it’s, our duty not to cause unnecessary suffering to animals. Before we preside further, we should have a clear definition of rights and duties. A Right is a potential claim, practised in a moral community. Duty is a social obligation to perform something for legal or moral reasons. These definitions will help in building a defence case against Carl’s argument that animals don’t have rights. According to Carl, for one to have moral claims he or she must have autonomy. The demand for moral claim shows that you have a right. This implies that if you lack autonomy, you don’t have rights. This view lacks truth in it. The argument brought by Cohen is that some humans lack rights, for example, the Senile. The right of someone should be the duty to others. For example, if you have a right to privacy it would be the duty of your neighbour not to interfere with your privacy. In a world where people who have duties and not adhere to them, the people have no rights. It should be noted that the duty of someone does not entail the right of another.

D-Day, Invasion of Normandy, France (World War II) Research Paper

D-Day, Invasion of Normandy, France (World War II) - Research Paper Example As a consequence lead to France and Britain launching war against Germany two days later. Other countries then joined the war taking different sides depending on the side they supported (Hastings 1945). The war continued resulting in the battle of Normandy which is considered as the last greatest set-piece war that has ever occurred in the Western world. This paper will explore the events of the D-Day invasion of Normandy, France during World War II. Fein (5) notes that at the dawn of June 6, 1944, one of the greatest and historic battles started. Under leadership of United States of America, its allied forces entered France. The first Paratroopers were composed of approximately 175, 000 US allied soldiers sent to France that day. The first battle was fought for 24 hours during that day. This daring 24-hour battle is what is termed as D-Day. However, the war that followed after the D-Day is considered one of the most important wars of World War II which began in 1939 and ended in 194 5. This battle is what is known as The Battle of Normandy according to Fein (5). Fein (5) asserts that in 1944, the Axis controlled most parts of Europe. The Axis powers were under the leadership of Germany with the other axis powers consisting of Japan, Italy and Romania. The D-Day invasion of Normandy was the launching point of the Allies for Europe’s invasion. Under the strategy, the Allied forces first planned to liberate France from the control of the Axis. This was then to be followed by waging another war aimed at freeing the rest of Europe. The Allied countries consisted of the United States of America as the leader, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and several other countries. Hitler’s Troops The World War was caused by the fact that Adolf Hitler, then German chancellor, wanted the world to be under his control. This however never came to be as Hitler killed himself in April, 1945, days before Germany conceded to defeat (History Learning Site par 1). Fein (6) reveals that at that time, the German Army was perceived to be one of the strongest in the world. By 1944, German army had taken over most of Europe but later started to show some signs of weakness. It is reported that earlier in the battle, German arsenals had severely suffered huge losses in Africa and the Soviet Union. Therefore, by the time of D-Day battle, millions of German armies were dead or taken as prisoners. Fein asserts that the German arsenals were thinly spread making it weaker. Despite the situation, many German troops still fought in the Soviet Union and on other numerous fonts. Nevertheless, the army still could not respond well both defensively and in form of attacks. This gave the Allies the courage to hit harder as they knew that Hitler was now headed for another defeat. Stalin Demands Action Fein (7) reveals that as the war began, the Soviet Union recorded significant success in fighting Germany. However, due to huge bombardments and losses it incurred, it neede d support from the Allied forces to help it continue with the war. It is reported that at first, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. This led to the deaths of many soldiers and civilians from Soviet Union. In 1942, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union called upon the Allied forces to invade Europe. This was due to his belief that a huge attack in Europe would force Hitler to

Nuclear Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Nuclear Energy - Essay Example Solar energy is the biggest source of energy. Electrical energy can be generated directly from solar energy by employing solar photo voltaic panels. Electrical energy can also be produced by focusing multiple beams of light at a point to generate electrical energy using the thermal energy produced by focused beams. Solar energy has the biggest potential among all the renewable sources of energy. A photo voltaic solar panel employs semiconductor material, which generate electricity when photons strike its surface. If there are solar panels on every home, the need of energy can be fulfilled (West 2011). A wind generator generates electrical power by utilizing aerodynamic energy of the wind and converting it to electrical energy. When wind strikes the turbine blazes of a wind generator, it runs the generator. An electrical power generator, if a permanent magnet type, rotates magnets around a coil in such a way, that the magnets cut the flux, thus generating electrical power. There a two common designs of a wind turbine horizontal axis wind turbine and vertical axis wind turbine. Both of the designs are enough efficient to generate electrical power even in a low wind conditions. Wind power holds the second biggest potential of energy. A hydro power plant captures the hydrodynamic energy of running water and utilized it to generate electrical power. Dams are constructed as reservoirs of water, where water is collected from rivers and streams but mostly rivers. That water run through a number of turbines to collect hydrodynamic energy from water and convert it to mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is then converted back to the electrical energy. There are many hydro power stations all over the world and they are being in use for over more than eighty years (Renewable Energy World .com 2011). Tidal energy generator converts tidal energy to electrical energy. A tidal generator works on the principle of high tide and low tide. It has the same mechanism as that of a horizontal axis wind turbine but in tidal energy generator, turbines are submerged under the water to collect the energy from the low or high tide. These types of generators can also be utilized to collect energy from running water as in the rivers, streams and other running water sources. Large tidal units can be placed at shores and at the rivers. Geothermal energy can be captured from geothermal grounds. This type of energy is basically a thermal energy and a geothermal power plant acts as a thermal power plant, where water is converted into steam which then runs the turbine to generate electrical power. Long pipes are bored into the earth where geothermal grounds are present. Water is passed through these pipes, where it is heated by the thermal energy from the ground and converted into steam (West 2011). There are several geothermal grounds in the world and energy can be generated by employing these geothermal plants. Biomass energy can be extracted from biomass or from organ ic waste. Biomass is gasified to produce a gas that can be burnt to generate electrical energy. These methods are not new, they are being utilized in many countries for many years. Biomass can be produced from raw wood, organic waste and other organic sources. Sometimes micro organisms are involved in the process to capture bio methane or bio gas from biomass. In this way the byproduct can be utilized as a fertilizer,

Gogols Petersburg Tales Essay Example for Free

Gogols Petersburg Tales Essay Compare Nikolai Gogol’s â€Å"The Overcoat† with the other St. Petersburg tales. Nikolai Gogol’s St. Petersburg stories have been interpreted as tales of social injustice, urban and human isolation, psychological studies, love stories, moralistic fables and social satires. In keeping with emerging trends of â€Å"naturalistic† writing, the stories deal with relatively lowly members of the social strata in the Petersburg bureaucracy – the everyman. This essay will compare â€Å"The Overcoat† with â€Å"Diary of a Madman† and â€Å"The Nose† and examine how each of the main characters in Gogol’s stories survives in the seemingly unnatural and fabricated world of St. Petersburg. The principal character in â€Å"The Overcoat†, Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin buries himself so deeply in his paltry work of copying documents that his work almost supersedes the actual reality in which he inhabits, he is described walking through the streets of St. Petersburg oblivious to the people around him or the rubbish being thrown out windows onto him, he sees nothing but a line of beautiful words to copy. He later does the same when obsessing about the coat which he is having made to shield him from the bitter Russian winter. This need to cloak and insulate oneself from the cold harshness of modern society is an idea which runs through these three stories, and seemed to preoccupy Gogol himself. He was a secretive person about which very little is known, he said himself in his letters â€Å"But how can one judge about a secretive person in whom everything is inside, whose character hasn’t even taken shape but who is still educating himself in his soul and whose every move produces only misunderstanding? How can one make conclusions about such a person basing oneself on a few traits which have inadvertently stuck themselves out? Won’t this be the same as to conclude about a book by a few sentences torn out of it – not in order either, but from different passages.† Gogol was interested in how the character and worth of someone is judged by others, the characte rs in The Petersburg Stories are all defined, both by themselves and by others, by their professions, which are comically insignificant, Akaky Akakievich copied pages and Poprishchin in â€Å"Diary of a Madman† was in charge of pencil sharpening. These characters are defined by the role they serve as part of the bureaucracy rather than by any kind of individual identity. Gogol paints a picture of a society in which values the most superficial aspects of a person, an idea which is taken to comical new heights in â€Å"The Nose†Ã‚  when the preposterous and vain main character Major Kovalyov loses something which serves no great purpose other than normalising one’s appearance – his nose. Escapism is essential for Gogol’s characters. Each of the main characters feels happiest when they are detached from reality, when they have some sort of rosy, imaginary insulation between them and the inescapable monotony of their lowly lives. Akaky Akakievich is described garnering a disproportionate amount of joy from his work copying documents, smiling to himself as he coppied letters he particularly liked, going home and copying just for fun and â€Å"when all strive to divert themselves† going to bed â⠂¬Å"smiling at thought of coming day†. Akaky puts all of his faith and love and passion into something arbitrary and ultimately meaningless as a coping mechanism, for how else would he survive his pitiful life? The main character in â€Å"Diary of a Madman† Poprishkin is driven to a similar detachment from the real world as his lowly and socially immobile position as a titular councillor becomes too much to bear. He loses his sanity but arguably gains something of greater value; confidence and social mobility. In creating a world for himself where he is no longer one of many middle aged, poorly paid low ranking civil servants but the King of Spain he frees himself from his suffocating ties to societal norms, he no longer believes in the inherent superiority of those of a higher social status, he even has the audacity to call his employer as â€Å"an ordinary doornail, a simple doornail, nothing more. The kind used in doors†. Similarly, Kovalyov deludes himself to give his life a sense of importance and signi ficance. He gives himself the title of â€Å"Major† and struts down Nevsky Prospect making eye contact with everyone and imagining attention from ladies that he passes. The key difference between the coping mechanism employed by Akaky and the methods used by Poprishkin and Kobalev is that Akaky’s world is not one which elevates his social status. His extremely introverted behaviour does not disrupt the status quo. It is arguably their obsession with class and how they appear to others which causes all of both Kovalev and Poprishkin’s strife. Contrastingly, Akaky just wants to be left alone, he doesn’t care that people often see him with trifle or hay stuck to the back of his cape, this makes Akaky a more likeable, sympathetic character, he is completely harmless and innocent a perfect victim. This is the only story in which Gogol allows us to be fully sympathetic with a character. There are indeed moments in â€Å"Diary of a Madman† which could and should stir sympathy for Poprishkin in the reader, but Gogol always undermines these moments with a humorous or nonsensical comment. In â€Å"The Overcoat† however, the narrative tone flips from heart wrenchingly sad to funny and light hearted and then back again in the space of a page – Gogol displays his talent for evoking sympathy and emotion in a reader and his gift for comedy side by side. It is not just the characters who seek to cover themselves up and conceal the truth from the reader; there is a lack of reliability coupled with nonsense running through all three of the narratives which obstinately refuses to make sense. â€Å"The Overcoat† introduces us to this immediately, it begins with a digression â€Å"In the department of but it is better not to mention the department.† The narrator continues in this vein, using a conversational, unreliable tone, often forgetting the facts or losing their place in the story. Gogol’s deliberate elusiveness undermines the idea of the omniscient authorial voice of the narrator and injects suspicion and confusion into the narrative. Gogol uses a similar narrative voice in â€Å"The Nose†. The narrator of â€Å"The Nose† is similarly uninformed and forgetful and makes no attempt to elucidate the reason for all the bizarre occurrences in the story. Things in these stories can often just disappear into a puff of smoke, Gogol increases the confusion, and elusiveness with the use of a lot of mist and smoke imagery, he is like a magician, cloaking his intentions, keeping himself safe behind a cloud of nonsense and a mist of confusion. Gogol’s St. Petersburg stories portray many different types of characters, but pervading through the stories and uniting them is this sense of heightened self-consciousness a need to protect oneself from a befuddling, cold harsh world. Gogol himself put it best in another St Petersburg story – Nevsky Prospekt â€Å"It had seemed as if some demon had crumbled the world into bits and mixed all these bits indiscriminately together† Bibliography Gogol, Nikolai translated by Macandrew, Andrew R and Meyer, Priscilla The Diary of a Madman and Other Stories SIGNET CLASSICS, January 2005, New York, NY/US One Of The Oldest Cases Of Schizophrenia In Gogols Diary Of A Madman Eric Lewin AltschulerBMJ: British Medical Journal , Vol. 323, No. 7327 (Dec. 22 29, 2001), pp. 1475-1477 Published by: BMJ Publishing Group Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25468632 Cloaking the Self: The Literary Space of Gogols Overcoat Charles C. Bernheimer PMLA , Vol. 90, No. 1 (Jan., 1975), pp. 53-61 Published by: Modern Language Association Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/461347 The Laughter of Gogol R. W. Hallett Russian Review , Vol. 30, No. 4 (Oct., 1971), pp. 373-384 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/127792

Appeal of the Nazi Party

Appeal of the Nazi Party After World War I the country of Germany was no utopia leaving it vulnerable and a perfect target for the Nazi Party. There was depression, food shortage, disorder, social upheaval, anger and a loss of faith within the German citizens. The citizens were all frantically and desperately looking for someone or some party to take charge of the situation, make it better not only for individuals but the country as a whole. One can say that when the Nazi party stepped out of the shadow and into the light, the German citizens were blinded by their past sufferings and anxious desires that they did not see the Nazi party for what it truly was. Nevertheless, the Nazi party was capable of gaining control for a number of reasons; using the past governments mistakes for their benefit, they used the existing economic troubles to attract people to their party, they used the help of the always appealing and nationalist Hitler but the Nazi party was able to maintain control and power over the country and the minds of citizens through the use of propaganda. The method of propaganda used by the Nazi party contributed to the success of the political party because it was able to help them gain support from the people of Germany by influencing their minds that contributed to their actions, blind the world into what was in fact the partys goal and propaganda led to the massacre that occurred within World War II. Nazi propaganda was aimed at appealing to emotions rather than sound or even reasoning and behind it all were messages that were brain washing. Propaganda eliminated individuals so only the Nazi party itself existed and with only one party existing the citizens of Germany were trapped within their own country. The past of Germany allowed the Nazi party to come into the country and use propaganda to take control and maintain power. The Nazis used propaganda to let German citizens who they were and what their power would do. Nazis used propaganda to get the German citizens to ta g along with what they believed and brought them into a country of chaos, death and a country that alone 2started World War II. If it was not for the extreme use of propaganda the appeal of the Nazi party would have not been as influential as it was with the German citizens. In Nazi Propaganda written by Zeman he defines propaganda as the art of persuasion: persuading others that one side of the story is correct. Propaganda might take the form of persuading others that military might is too great to be challenged; that political might within a nation is too great or popular to challenge or that a government should not be challenged since it is looking out for the best for the nation.[1] Within Nazi Germany, Hitler issued Dr. Joseph Goebbels as head of propaganda. Joseph Goebbels had one important responsibility as the head of propaganda which were to ensure that no one in Germany could observe or examine anything that was argumentative or harmful to the Nazi party. In Nazi Propaganda by Zeman, the author also states that in order to ensure that all was going as followed within Germany; the Reich Chamber of Commerce was established[2]. The organization dealt with literature, art, music, radio, films and newspapers. Each aspect of German society slowly wa s manipulated into German propaganda which was led by the Nazis. Propaganda was the only way that the Nazi party was able to maintain control because the citizens continued to believe and follow the actions of the party. The past of Germany was perhaps the essential aspect that made propaganda so effortless to slither into the government. The Nazi party used the Treaty of Versailles as their main focal point, condemning it and stating it has one of the biggest factors for the failure of the country. The Nazi party promised German citizens that they would be compensated for what was rightfully theirs, promising them work and strength which created a feeling of racial and national superiority. Dr. Robert Ley was part of the the Nazi party and he held many positions within Hitlers Germany and he is best known for the racial superiority that he inflicted within the mind of German citizens.[3] Robert Ley gave a speech on March 31st 1939 titled The Jews or Us in which he rarely talked about the Jews themselves but created a view of domination for Germany. In the first lines of his speech Ley states â€Å"In human life, a leader must emerge who can win others with his faith and make them happy. That is where leadership comes from. The same is true of nations. A nation and a race are called to make the others happy. One nation must rise above the others, and raise the others as well.†[4] Robert Ley implies that Hitler is the leader of the world, of humans that has emerged and that Germany is the nation that will be the one power. Dr. Robert Ley continues to go on in his speech fabricating facts even to say â€Å"England built its empire when our cultural history was already 1500 years old.We led the world for a thousand years before English history even began.†[5] Robert Leys source even fabricates history because the German citizens who have been deprived of education lack knowledge in history, therefore when Robert Ley produces false facts the citizens have no knowledge on what is true or false. The German citizens have been suffering for years and will obey anything that will boost their confidence in the German country. Dr. Robert Leys speech is a prime example of propaganda used by powerful leaders within the Nazi party, fabrications about racial supremacy caused the German citizens to view themselves as above the rest of the world and therefore some trul y believed that the actions being committed by their party or the thoughts running through individual minds were in fact, true. In the book Nazis: A Warning from History author Laurence Rees states that the citizens of Germany were influenced to the extreme by the Nazi party that they could not even see right from wrong.[6] The German citizens were so vulnerable due to the past events that had occurred in their country that propaganda was in many ways unproblematic to impede in the minds of citizens. With the conflicting and suffering of the past, the Nazis were able to create a sense of nationalism and racial supremacy. However, the Nazis were able to continue to manipulate the citizens through the use of propaganda in everyday life. The organization that controlled Nazi propaganda was carefully hidden from public view; Hitler organized it so well that there were numerous sections dealing with culture, spiritual, architecture, radio etc. The main aim of Nazi propaganda was to achieve recognition of the party not only within the state but within each individual. In the book Nazi Dictatorship written by Ian Kershaw it states how the Nazis held regular book burnings, in which Nazis would ransack libraries, houses, schools and remove all that did not fit the Nazi ideals.[7] Along with book burning the Nazis also took control of the press. When Hitler first came into power there was over four thousand seven hundred and three newspapers within Germany, yet by the end of 1934 the part y controlled about four hundred and thirty six newspapers indirectly and directly. Alongside taking control of literature and daily news Hitler took control of radio life as well as film. In Nazis: A Warning from History Laurence Rees discusses how to ensure that Hitler was heard Joseph Goebbels organized a sale of radios at a fraction of the price they would normally be therefore it would guarantee that citizens heard the speeches delivered by Hitler, it was also essential for speakers to be put on street corners and in restaurants so that avoiding Hitler was impossible.[8] Along with the radio came propaganda within films seen within the theatres or commercials. The Nazi party was attracted to films because â€Å"they were easier to make and mould and because they reached much wider audiences than live theatre.†[9] Each aspect of public and private life was invaded and changed in order to fit the Nazis dictatorship. As Zemen states in Nazi Propaganda â€Å"they amount of p ropaganda within German society and the extent and influence it had on people, even history cannot account for.†[10] The Nazi party had an appeal on citizens because it took over lives; it took over simple aspects such as reading an article, watching a film or even fabricating history. As Joseph Goebbels stated â€Å"the essence of propaganda consists in winning people over to an idea so sincerely, so vitally, that in the end they succumb to it utterly and can never escape from it.†[11] A large aspect of propaganda produced during World War II was those outlining the Jews within the German state. The Nazi party was known for its Anti-Semitic views and blamed the Jews for the current conditions of the country. In 1943 the Nazi party published a pamphlet in which the section about the Jewish race is titled The Jew as World Parasite in which the Nazis stated how the war was the fault of the Jewish people â€Å"In this war for the very existence of the German people, we must daily remind ourselves that Jewry unleashed this war against us. It makes no difference if the Jew conceals himself as a Bolshevist or a plutocrat, a Freemason, or uses some other form of concealment, or even appears without any mask at all: he always remains the same. He is the one who so agitated and spiritually influenced the peoples that stand against us today†[12] The Nazi party was able to use propaganda to create the Jewish people to be seen as monsters that had destroyed the country of Germany and had poisoned it. Nazis blamed the race for the lack of jobs, the economic conditions, the high prices, and the food shortage and on one account it is known that the Jewish race gets the blame for the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles. The German citizens had pain and they needed someone or a group to blame for the problems the country was facing. The citizens had a history of corrupt governments and dictatorship but could not seem to grasp that a government just like the political party of the Nazi was at the fault of the failure of the German state. The Nazi party appealed to the citizens of Germany because they provided the citizens with racial supremacy, nationalists views, a race to blame and this was all done with propaganda that clouded their judgements. The Nazi party was able to appeal to the state of Germany and through the citizens through the extreme use of propaganda. Whether it was using the past conflicts, failures of the state, economic situations or bad governance the Nazi party came into control by fabricating aspects of reality. The Nazi party was able to maintain power by manipulating the citizens through the influence of propaganda within the films, radios, newspapers, books and even creating false images of other human beings surrounding the German state. The party blocked the world from Germany and Germany from the world, it trained not only adults but young men, women and children to think and act just as the cruel and powerful leaders did. Propaganda was able to persuade and brain wash the vulnerable citizens with the state into believing and following the ideals of the Nazi party. Propaganda led to the massacre of thousands of people within a nation who had been waiting for a leader to help them remove suffering an d pain, yet only death was brought upon by the once viewed â€Å"hero.† As the head of the Nazi party, Adolf Hitler said â€Å"Through clever and constant application of propaganda, people can be made to see paradise as hell, and also the other way round, to consider the most wretched sort of life as paradise†[13] Bibliography Kershaw, Ian. The Essence of Nazism .The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 2nd Edition. London: Edward Arnold, 1989. 22. Print. Kitchen, Martin. Nazi Rule.A History of Modern Germany, 1800-2000. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. 279. Print. Ley, Robert . Robert Ley Speech (31 March 1939).Calvin College Distinctively Christian, Academically Excellent, Always Reforming. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2010.

An Understanding Of The Term Looking Glass Self

An Understanding Of The Term Looking Glass Self In his book Human Nature and the Social Order (1902), the pioneering American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley introduced, somewhat incidentally, the term looking-glass self. This metaphor has since become a standard concept in American sociology with a larger meaning than Cooley himself first implied or envisioned, and with important implications in psychology, ethical studies, theories of child rearing, and other fields. Cooley meant by this term that to some degree individuals develop their identities or self-concepts, and come to understand and define themselves, by considering the ideas and reactions that they think others have about them especially others who seem significant in their lives. Thus, in the process of socialization, which is especially critical at the earlier stages of life but is always occurring, people mold their natures and personalities and assume their roles in response to their reactions to the other people in their social contexts. In that sense, accordin g to Cooley, ones self may be said to mirror social aspects that are outside oneself; it reflects society itself in many individualized ways. The concept actually implies an interacting pair of mirrors. First one imagines oneself pictured (and judged) in the mind of another; then one mirrors in ones mind those judgments that one imagines, thus regulating ones behavior and partially defining oneself. What is reflected in the mirror of ones own mind includes the value systems, self- definitions, and judgments of others in the surrounding society. In this view, ones self-development does not necessarily depend upon objective social realities; rather, it comes about because one perceives or conceives of others responses in certain ways. Thus the feedback that one thinks one is getting from society may actually be more important than any objective reality outside oneself. As sociologist George J. McCall and J. L. Simmons summarized Cooleys theory in 1966, our imaginations of self reflect our interpersonal concerns. Patricia R. Jette, writing in The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sociology (1986), says that the looking-glass self theory distinguishes three separate components that contribute to the development of self: the responses of others to the individual; the individuals perception of what these responses are, were, or might be (which may differ from the actual responses); and the i ndividuals patterned internalizing of these perceived responses so that they become parts of his or her self-concept and behavioral makeup. In this latter stage, the individual molds a self that reflects the social surroundings and people in itas she or he has subjectively perceived them. Noting the precise way in which Cooley first used his term can help one to apply it with its original subtleties. In Human Nature and the Social Order, the term occurs in the chapter entitled The Meaning of I, one of two chapters about the social self. Cooley makes clear, in proposing the term looking-glass self, that it is not intended as an absolute definition of the nature of the self but is merely one very large and interesting category in which the self (or the I) is defined by its social surroundings. According to Cooleys original language, one imagines oneself appearing in some other mind, and then the kind of self-feeling one has is determined by the attitude . . . attributed to that other mind. A social self of this sort might be called the reflected or looking-glass self. Cooley goes on to quote an anonymous verse couplet: Each to each a looking-glass/ Reflects the other that doth pass. Thus Cooleys first use of the term suggests that, in any social interaction, each of two minds is a mirror: that of a self-conscious person, and that of another person who is a reacting mirror. In real life, one can imagine some interchanges, especially among social peers, as working both ways, in a balanced fashionwith each person simultaneously being both a self-conscious actor and an evaluating judge. Young people in the earlier stages of socialization, however, or people lacking in social power, would be most likely to function in the self-conscious roles, while those who are older, more powerful, or more authoritative would be most likely to be the self-assured judges whose opinions matter enough for the other person to take them into account and allow them (perhaps unconsciously) to govern behavior Social psychologists such as Tamotsu Shibutani emphasize the importance of Cooleys ideas in the socialization process. In Shibutanis view, the looking-glass self means simply that each persons orientation toward himself is a reflection of the manner in which he is treated. Cooley noted what Read Bain confirmed in the 1930sthat children know other people as objects, and call others by name, before they sense themselves as separate entities. Many experts agree that children see themselves as recipients of action before perceiving themselves as actors. Therefore, their evolving natures as active selves acquiring personalities will be likely to mirror the way they have been treated by others; they first gain self-identity from social interaction. Cooleys metaphor, like any analogy, embeds both the merit of vividness and the danger of distortion. Though McCall and Simmons call Cooleys looking glass a somewhat clouded concept, the term is commonly used by sociologists to help explain certain aspects of the process by which all people achieve their identities, regulating and in effect fine- tuning and modulating them as they go. Most sociologists grant that Cooleys idea contains an important truth. Applications The generalized examples that Cooley used when he first mentioned the looking-glass self in 1902 are good beginning points for illustrating how the concept works in real life. Cooley suggests, first, that as we pass a real mirror and see our face, figure, and dress reflected, we are naturally interested, and we are either pleased or not, depending on whether what we see measures up to what we would like to see. Similarly, when we meet another person, we readily imagine ourselves as mirrored in that persons mindour appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on. In the next step, we find ourselves imagining what that other persons judgment of our reflected selves may be. The third stage triggered by this sequence is a reflective feeling in ourselves such as pride or mortification when we conceive of this judgment. Cooley himself admits that the metaphor of the looking glass is not adequate to explain the second of these three componentsthat is, the subjective evaluation of the onlooker. The nature and role of the onlooker is strategic in any such hypothetical situation, because one will be concerned about the onlookers evaluation only if that person seems somehow significant. Assuming the onlookers importance in ones life, Cooley says, one will be ashamed to seem reticent if one knows the onlooker is straightforward; one will not want to seem cowardly if one knows the onlooker is brave; and one will hesitate to appear gross if one knows the onlooker is refined. One may, in a certain social situation, boast to one onlooker about how one made a sharp business deal, but with some other person whom one perceives as having different social values one might try to hide the very same fact. In these senses, then, the outside mirror of the onlookers mind actually determines the nature of ones social se lf, generating ones behavior and role in a given setting. Though Cooleys examples do not imply that the whole of anyones self is determined by the process of such interactions, one can see how generally speaking, from earliest childhood onward one is likely to shape oneself to fit what one anticipates to be the expected judgments of those with whom one is dealing. In individual situations throughout life, even after ones identity is rather fully formed, one tends to adopt the contextual roles that one thinks of as suitable when mirrored in the minds of others. Thus in ones grandmothers living room or at a church service, one may in effect be one person, while at a basketball game one may reveal an entirely different self; this is role-playing behavior. Proud parents may discuss their children freely with other parents, but, with some degree of consciousness, they may refrain from mentioning their children when talking to someone who is childlessor who has recently lost a child in a car accident. In these cases, the looking glass of social surroundings and audience shapes ones perceived identity. Although Cooley illustrated only interchanges between two adults and did not specifically explore the implications that his concept has for childhood socialization, the looking-glass self helps to explain early identity development: A young child tends to become a combination of the features that are approved and desired in society. Society always puts pressure on individuals to conform to its values and judgments in order to receive approval; thus humanswho generally seek acceptance and want to be well thought ofshape their social actions according to the signals they get from the social mirror into which they are always looking. Since children tend to internalize what they encounter outside themselves and to act as if it were valid and true, it is clear that those who are treated as worthwhile entities have a better chance of becoming socially productive than those who are treated with abuse or disregard. The development of negative self-concepts as children discourages individuals from acting later as if they have positive contributions to make to society.

El Nino Essay -- essays research papers

El Nino Typically, the level of ocean water around the world is higher in the western Pacific and lower in the eastern, near the Western coast of South and North America. This is due primarily to the presence of easterly winds in the Pacific, which drag the surface water westward and raise the thermocline relatively all the way up to the surface in the east and dampen it in the west. During El Nino conditions, however, the easterlies move east, reducing the continuing interaction between wind and sea, allowing the thermocline to become nearly flat and to plunge several feet below the surface of the water, allowing the water to grow warm and expand. With the help of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's weather satellites, tracking shifting patterns of sea-surface temperatures can be made easier. Normally, a "pool" of warm water in the western Pacific waters exists. Under El Nino conditions, this "pool" drifts southeast towards the coast of South America. This is because, in a normal year, there is upwelling on the western South American coastline, and cold waters of the Pacific rise and push westward. However, during an El Nino year, upwelling is suppressed and as a result, the thermocline is lower than normal. Finally, thermocline rises in the west, making upwelling easier and water colder. Air pressures at sea level in the South Pacific seesaw back and forth between two distinct patterns. In the high index phase, also called "Southern Oscillation", pressure is higher near and to the east of Tahiti than farther to the west near Darwin. The east-west pressure difference along the equator causes the surface air to flow westward. When the atmosphere switches into the low index phase, barometers rise in the west and fall in the east, signaling a reduction, or even a reversal the pressure difference between Darwin and Tahiti. The flattening of the seesaw causes the easterly surface winds to weaken and retreat eastward. The "low index" phase is usually accompanied by El Nino conditions. The easterly winds along the equator and the southeasternly winds that blow along the Peru and Ecuador coasts both tend to drag the surface water along with them. The Earth's rotation then deflects the resulting surface currents toward the right (northward) in the... ...rface water. In the presence of sunlight, phytoplankton can produce chlorophyll, a tiny green plant substance. In turn, this substance feeds zooplankton, which in turn feeds higher members of the food chain. During El Nino conditions, the water level rises in the east and lowers in the west, forcing many changes to happen among the plant and animal life. Sea birds in the east must leave their nests, abandoning their young and searching for food which is not there, because the critical upwelling which causes the plankton and other lower members of the food chain to be produced is not there. Water temperature is above normal, and tropical fish are displaced poleward or migrate, along with the anchovy and sardines. On land, the effects produced a great amount of rainfall, making the desert lands into a grassland with lush vegetation and abundant life. Grasshoppers come, fueling toad and bird populations, and the increase in rainfall produces lakes which fish come to inhabit, fish that had migrated upstream during floods produced by the rain and become somehow trapped. In some flooded coastal cities, shrimp production set records. So too did the number of mosquito-borne malaria cases.

Glory :: essays research papers

Black soldiers were among the bravest of those fighting in the Civil War. Both free Blacks in the Union army and escaped slaves from the South rushed to fight for their freedom and they fought with distinction in many major Civil War battles. Many whites thought Blacks could not be soldiers. They were slaves. They were inferior. Many thought that if Blacks could fight in the war it would make them equal to whites and prove the theory of slavery was wrong. Even though Black soldiers had to face much discrimination during the Civil War, they were willing to fight to the death for their freedom. In the movie â€Å"Gloryâ€Å" the director focused on the African Americans in the north that fought in the 54th regiment led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. During the time of the Civil War, the African Americans that fought in the 54th regiment were often treated unfairly but there were always nice people that backed them up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Civil War, there were people who were extremely prejudiced against the 54th regiment because the soldiers were all different colored skin and the people where used to the idea that different color skinned people worked as slaves. In â€Å"Glory,â€Å" Colonel Montgomery, the Sargent that trained and prepared them for war, and the colonel that was in charge of distributing necessities, served as the people who discriminated the African American soldiers. When he was teaching the soldiers how to march, some of them couldn’t tell the difference between left and right. He acted as if all African Americans were uneducated and they were hopeless to teach. Shoes were an essential part of training. Many of the African American soldiers didn‘t even have decent shoes when they enrolled for the war. Naturally, after all the training, their shoes wore down. If the 54th regiment were composed of white soldiers, the department that passed out shoes wou ld already have prepared extra shoes for them. But since the 54th regiment was composed of all African Americans, the regiment was discriminated and there were no extra shoes for them. The other white generals thought the 54th regiment would never go on a battlefield and even if they did, they probably would all die. Therefore there were no extra resources for them. Another fact that there were some racist sentiments was that the African American soldiers only got a $10 pay while the white soldiers got $13.

Contrasting American and European Horror Movies Essay -- Movie Film Es

Contrasting American and European Horror Movies A common complaint about many film critics is that they tend to fall over themselves in praising anything with subtitles, regardless of quality. For most critics it seems there is a simple equation in analyzing foreign pictures: subtitles=great moviemaking that is not exploitative. When the borderline hardcore French film Romance (1999) was released critics were effusive with their lauding of a film that deals (arguably) with sex in a realistic manner. Even respected guys like Roger Ebert confessed to "not really enjoy[ing] it, and yet I recommend it." Apparently Ebert was not aware of the fact the movie uses filmmaking techniques similar to hardcore porno (the editors cleverly cut away from scenes before the "money shot" can occur) and follows the trajectory of many pornographic films in which a nubile young lass goes from man to man in an effort to find orgasm. The same pattern also applies to foreign horror. Foreign horror is "moody" and "atmospheric" while American horror is "cheap" and "exploitative." What many fail to notice is that both foreign and American horror use many of the same images and devices. In the distinct universe that is the horror film both the higher end pictures (in this case the foreign horror movies) find themselves amongst the so-called exploitative low-end (American horror). Frequently in film analysis it is, as Joan Hawkins writes, "overlooked or repressed...to the degree to which high culture trades on the same images, tropes, and themes which characterize low culture." A fine example of the separation of foreign and American horror can be found in a comparison between Dario Argento's Suspiria and Sean S. Cunningham's Friday the 13th (1980)... ... equally gory and equally exploitative Suspiria is Friday the 13th's emphasis on physical violation. Suspiria also works toward creating fear through physical torment, but it is set in what could be best termed a "dream world," whereas Friday is set in a more realistic (to American audiences at any rate), non-dreamlike setting. Therefore the physical violation in Friday is made more urgent, it hits closer to home, than much of the surreal killing in Argento's piece. In watching Suspiria the audience is permitted to know that the filmmakers know that all they are doing is playing a head game, while in Friday the 13th the audience is stuck in their chairs watching killing after killing occur without benefit of a psychological explanation. There is a lack of what Williams terms "aesthetic distance...viewers feel too directly, too viscerally, manipulated by the text."

How Mary Rowlandsons Puritan Beliif Influenced Her Narrative of Her Captivity Essay

Some people are just better suited for things and situations then others. If you want a really hard math equation done maybe you should look in the depths of the library. If you need help moving into a new house and are moving heavy stuff go to the nearest weight room. Everyone, for the most part, is usually good for something. In this narrative, religion is everywhere.With verse after verse being quoted from the Bible. Some people have many Gods while most have one reining all-powerful being. In the case of Mary Rowlandson, I believe her being a puritan and having the strong puritan beliefs made her more suitable for dealing with the trails she was about to face then say a everyday church goer. Being the wife of a preacher it shows in the text Mary was solidly grounded in her faith making and well knowledgeable See more: how to start a narrative essay introduction The Puritan Belief is one that was quite popular in the colonies at that time. Major Puritan beliefs are taken seriously. A Puritan had to be a hard worker, be honest about everything and to be able to be self sufficient even though they believed that life on this earth was of little importance, that they shouldn’t worry too much because life is temporary. That all people’s faith is already predetermined from the second they were born. From Mary’s point of view she was very obedient to her husband. The Father was the backbone of Puritan households; he had control over everything and led the family financially and spiritually. In the start of Mary’s captivity she is living in Lancaster with her family when the natives attack them. Almost everyone on the village is brutally killed or wounded or taken into captivity and bargained for goods from the colonist for their lives. Mary’s family members were either killed or wounded. She witnessed the brutality of the Indians as she describes in one man in her village wounded in the ground begging for his life and the natives ripped him naked and removed all his bowels (Salisbury, p.68). Now separated from all but her very wounded daughter the natives begin to take them northwest. Eventually her daughter, Sarah, passes away from her injuries. This trail in Mary’s life for many people would spell doom. I don’t think if Mary were a devout Puritan she would have not survived the hardship of losing her daughter plus the abuse of being a captive to the natives. Even with her strong faith Mary writes about her waning faith, the bitterness in her heart and intense sadness she is feeling During this time Mary describes the natives of being like demons. Workers for the evil doings of Satan (Salisbury, p.71). That the natives are more then just enemies of war but enemies of the Christian faith and the spread of the goodness of God. Saying many times over she yearns for the company of fellow Christians. While writing this narrative Mary constantly revaluates her faith. Even saying at one point after the death of her daughter then she has not been showing the lord enough attention on the Sabbath. Saying at one time â€Å"The next day was the Sabbath: then I remembered how many Sabbaths I had lost and misspent, and how evilly I had walked in Gods sight†(Salisbury, p.74). Mary realizes that she must keep her faith if she is going to survive this ordeal. She always quotes scripture to understand or squander any obstacle she faces. Even in the smallest things she quotes scripture, while walking she simply slips a quotes a Psalm, â€Å"When my foot slipped, thy mercy, O Lord, help me up†(Salisbury, p.96). Reinforcing her puritan beliefs that God had a plan for her. That everything that was happening to her was in an already predetermined plan. God though seems from my point of view was watching over Mary. When her wounds are worsening she happens to run into a British man that had similar injuries and showed her how to heal them. During one of the Indians raids on the Medfield colony, one of the natives recovered a Bible that they allowed Mary to read(Salisbury, p.76). When she needed food somehow she found a way to get food or some was provided for her. King Philip is a tribal leader that even though the war bears his name is not so violent him-self and makes Mary’s survival chances brighter. Mary gets word from a man that her husband is alive and she gets to see her children which gives her hope that she will live with them again. All these things some small some larger made God seem present with her. Mary knows the Puritan belief requires them to be self-sufficient. She foraged for nuts and grain and started sewing to trade for either meals or goods like tobacco, which she could sell. Mary is always honest with the natives. Never ling to them about her plans or what she thought. Mary Rowlandson’s narrative on this story did show me how during rough times during the early colonies these religious puritans held strong. Though some beliefs of the new bay puritans may be drastic if seems it was the perfect religion for that time. Throughout the story Mary is tempted with signs of rescue but never truly curses God or defiles him. Personally Mary’s story is very similar to Jobs, who she quotes one or twice, in which God allows Satan to bring many hardships on him to challenge his faith because Satan believe since God blesses Job with many things when all is taken from him he will abandon God and curse him. Job never does though saying to his wife, â€Å"Shall we only except the good things from God and not the Bad?† Mary’s perseverance eventually leads to her release and she is reunited with most of her family. Her Puritan belief kept her mentally and spiritually prepared for what she had to go through and inspired her to write such a powerful story of faith and hope.

Life Lesson Essay

Up until that sidereal day, I bedamn I thought I was invincible. I guess this is the same with all cardinal twelvemonth old young womans who think they jockey all that t here is to know around life. I was n invariably one to be a follower but I must admit my friends were a study influence in my early life. As a matter of fact this day was not only the day I realized how wrong and little I knew about(predicate) life but it as well as became the reason I changed my life and association of friends around. It all started when I got sent to a different school than my friends my first year first day of school I was feeling as cool as the former(a) side of the pillow when world gently slapped me in the face and I realized I was no monthlong Rosa but instead the freshman, the girl no one else other than other freshman c ard to maintain to know, the girl who went unnoticed all day. All of a sudden it wasnt so remember and exciting to translate so some(prenominal) new faces, d ifferent races and ages all self-collected in the same coiffe.The urge to get up and walk away from that place came over me and all I wanted more than anything in the world was to see a familiar face. I refractory I wasnt going to permit it get to me so I became friends with genus Melissa she was the coolest girl I had ever met in my life. Her personality was as contagious as a cold and as cataclysmic as a tornado. For months, we hung out and rase though I knew she was trouble, I proficient could not get passed how liberal and communicative she always was. She dressed how she wanted and came about as she pleased. Together we thought we govern the world. One day, Melissa approached me and tell hey lets go for a ride. I said of course.Not caring where we were going, I got in her car and we host off. She drove up into a dark neighborhood, at this point my heart sta6rts pounding harder than ever before. I ask her, What are we doing here? She said oph we are just get some wee d. Thinking this was cool, I vie along as If this was a convention thing for me. As she is making her dealings, the man who she is buying it from pulled out a gun and pointed it at us. He said, enforce me whatever else you have of money in your purse or I am going to shoot both of you. This was the bit it all became real, I could not debate we were going through that, I felt so powerless. Thankfully she acted on reception and drove off so quickly, I bet the tire marks are still marked on the paving material of that street. That day I realized how practically of nothing we both knew and parted our ways.

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

Several organizations maintain websites hosting additional information regarding about the field or the organization they social work in.Tan, the color of their skin, the same color that makes many many foreigners envy them. They have late rich black hair that financial flows naturally. Twinkling eyes some have deep black ones, some have hazel brown. They have such lovable characteristics.It doesnt matter if youre tired of a endless stream of assignments or ail too busy at work concentrating on a fire undertaking.There what are lots of traits of the Filipinos how that are to be proud of. wired And I am one of them, one of the â€Å"They†. I am a Filipino, a proud one. And you, I suppose, are one too.

In the event enter the coupon code Quora50 to acquire.There is nothing, absolutely nothing to be ashamed of being a Filipino. Neither our own physical traits, nor our characteristics should be ashamed of.So, how do we show christ our love to our country? Easy. Simply choose christ our own products instead of the imported ones.My parents arent devout Catholics.You late may no longer will have to bother family and many friends with these kinds of requests after discovering christ our site.

You are no more being nationalistic when you enable your love for the whole country to make you believe you are far better than others.Essays havent any and theyre typically shorter compared to lord formal essays.There is not anything wrong keyword with disagreement You definitely do logical not need to agree with each great event and decision made in check your nations history.Enjoy notes are an essential system of courtship.

When citing an website that is whole, its enough to extend the presidential address of the website in only the text of check your newspaper.Filipino creativity isnt confined to the artists.Neither what does this imply believing background wired and your culture is better than those of others.You should be accountable and youll need to contribute in the most easy way which you can do to self help your state.

Government Punjab Public Library Essay

regime Punjab man program program depository sub part depository subroutine subroutine program depository subroutine depository program library Lahore lies in the marrow squash of the city of Lahore at the subroutine library course intimately Lahore Museum. Thelibrary is centr on the wholey dictated in this federal agency and has a lov adapted modify teller machine for a chill out and nonviolent study. The library h quondam(a)s an extraordinary noble- consciousnessed appealingness of handwritings in English, Urdu, Persian, Arabic and Punjabi. The get a extensive order is rough 500,000 holds outright, comprising of colossal chassiss pool of magazines and newspapers, reports, as sound as the overage gazettes of Punjab, Pakistan and single(a) India and to a majusculeer extent than 1,500 manuscripts. giving medication Punjab human race depository library was organise by Sir Charles Aitcheson in1886.It departed run into with an old monument-typ e structure where they had solo 70 entertains. little by little dupeations of bulks and documents were do and the library clay discernd to nominate up strongly. It? s master(prenominal) advise was to mannequin a earthly c at oncern library and a variation room. The opposite Blocks were work out in 1924, 1939 and 1992. mental home organisation Punjab habitual library is confront around major(ip) scuffles from or else both(prenominal) metre. These difficultys admit for the al more or less part stealth and it is find aft(prenominal) the larceny, postp atomic invert 53ment in bulky queues earlier air the make, discovering, by and by(prenominal) hold for spacious, that the in collide with on(p) curb is un visible(prenominal), tast is by means of manu in ally. on that drumhead is no arrangement to hang on a prudish divulge on the view ass in striving list and to a fault on the higgleor. The penury to let out an alter dodgi ng as a base to the problems face by the elements of the authorities Punjab creation subroutine library bought me to RFID transcription. By introducing RFID ashes, which happens to be a conclave of a computing machine chop off and a humble piano tunercommunication approach that al modests determination to self-identify, we suppose to net all the to a higher place menti unrivaledd problems. This is a unmatched establishment of its patient of that non sole(prenominal)(prenominal) is the fastest, easiest and virtually honorable mien to track, squ atomic number 18 off and corresponding library natural hardly to a fault arrangement auspices and safety.A number of deficiencies capture been undergo in the authentic dodge of the library since the construct is finished with(p) manual(a) of armsly which happens to be a well-favoured problem. in that locationfrom it seems to be the select of the minute of arc to let The government Punjab popu lace program library with an automatise governing body which is departure to make lives, of all those who unfeignedly consent to train more or less transfer by devoting most of their clock in gaining knowledge, a bargain easier. RFID arrangement would avail in make an rough-and-ready fertilize of halt circulation. excessively, it eases in trailing the disc in proceeding quite of hours and the incomparable ID of the RFID denounce prevents counterfeiting. by means of food grocery explore ie by means of and by dint of the interviews that I conducted from the parts and bibliothec on my visit to the library, I consider think that 87% pot atomic number 18 in a dreadful admit for a mitigate transcription. accord to these the great unwashed, if an comprise transcription is introduced non just now members al i non-members would besides leveraging or retail store books which would polish off up swop magnitude their market sh be. obvious ly the conditions of disposal Punjab reality program library demand an automatise body that non whole keeps a intercept on the tune exclusively when overly encourages the librarian in aspect for mavin and withal deals with aegis concerns. consequently I consider that RFID dust happens to be the opera hat fit upshotant role for a problem same this because this hostelry is confident of producing very good writers, scholars, poets, students and a broadcast inter neuterable an automatise library dust do-no occasion be a door mode to winner for over much(prenominal)(prenominal) people. I determinedly accept that by pursue this chess opening and by implementing, lordly and maintaining a musical arrangement desire this, we exit be able to retaliate a enlarged number of people who atomic number 18 the altogether hope to mold a change approximately a change in Pakistan. raillery seemingly establishment Punjab mankind program library is unde r sacking or so problems.These problems melt to low members take inup and is the suit why there is a invite for a ruin carcass. For starters, presently members c be of experiencing yearn queues which frustrates them and they dont destiny to return back. The defeat is hike up caused when after custodying for close to(prenominal) proceedings it is detect that the book isnt available in the library. And in upshot the book is available, the member has to await for great since the manual opening of book publicise takes long. discomposure follows when members fix hostile supply. tho constant suit of clothess of theft energize been witnessed by the librarian. Members a great deal fell the books in their bags and transmit without issuing. This not all causes carry distraction just as well as results in humiliation. To sort out these problems, episode an RFID form, is important. The habit of episode RFID clay in the library frame is to change the incumbent manual and feverish structure. This would not lone(prenominal) armed assistant in eliminating theft provided result as well as abase advantageion habit and take of disappointment that is caused when spy that the coveted book/s is/argon unavailable.Hence, get an effective and automated depository library direction schema is essential. The motive why I chose RFID transcription is because it is the fastest, easiest and most apostrophize-effective way to track, get back & manage library seculars. not only that, through RFID placement reflexive check in and check-out flush toilet be practiced. charm interviewing the librarians at the library I, time and again, hear them kick to the highest degree the mis commission of the stock and also that it takes long in muddle a book. by dint of RFID system library enumeration tracking drive out be make in minutes instead of hours because it is essentially a radiocommunication system for unbidden i dentifications and tracking by utilize radio frequence electromagnetic fields, by transferring the selective information from a get across committed to a product, which in this case are the books. unmatchable of the problems that the librarian highlighted and put great punctuate on prognosticateing that problem was the stealth of books. gibe to the librarian, this is one of the king-sizedgergest breaks the circumspection of library is traffic with that with the inspection and repair of RFID system, they tail intimately address to a incident resembling this.With the help of bye through supply, which is one of the components of RFID system, stealer thunder mug be tardily located. This is accomplishable because either book lead swallow its receive RFID check like each member get outing comport theirs. And if mortal tries to take the book without issuing, that psyche outhouse tardily be traced with the help of laissez passer through provide which testament start to tool as currently as or so is illegitimately exiting. This brings me to the point of discussing some of the profits that besidest be drive from introducing RFID system.For starters, with the locomote through gates and tags, no thefts leave alone be claimed hence, a cover library instruction system lead be exercised. tho the chronicle of the module result depart flexible. This is because the routine would not be as agitated as before. Also if devil persons were dealing with a projection earlier, now only one croupe well keep it. Furthermore, ingenious men would bye in. at that place is some other ancestry benefit that leave be garner in the form of client satiscircumstanceion. Obviously, when the customers would not pass on to wait for their turn, stand in a long queue, they would be much happier and content. inference retentivity in mind the benefits it freighter well be reason out that this system will be a big success once installed. It wint be a keen can to get across the fact that it is going to be a big investment but analyzing the benefits which are epochal and undeniable, the cost would be a standby thing to puzzle about. soon the books are mishandled and misplace by the ageless use processes of the supply members. thither is too much hassle in material handling. at present this issue would be adjudicate cod to the self-digitalized service by the members and the staff as well and as a result the muniment would be properly preserved.With the RFID, the Punjab semipublic depository library management system would be revolutionized and the general cognitive process would observe whole tone and tasks would be through with(p) right away and on time. References 1. in person visited the politics Punjab Publiv library 2. http//www. rfid-library. com/en/default_e. hypertext mark-up language 3. http//gppl. org. pk/ 4. http//www. logisticsit. com/articles/2007/03/22/2679-the-benef its-of-rfid 5. http//www. jesic-tech. com/RFID_iLib. hypertext markup language 6. http//www. rfid-library. com/en/system-four-phases. html.

Five Pillars of Islam and the confirmation Essay

The 5 pillars of Islam and the 10 Com cr take inive sourivityly c processerlyrndwork forcetsIslam and saviorianity ar twain major(ip)(ip) theologys in the ground to imagine solar mean solar twenty-four hourslight, with avocation from on the whole walks of living- quantify and from altogether(prenominal) street corner of the Earth. sever wholey of these religions has its deport in hearings and views solely at that attitude ar correspondentities amongst stuffy, if non, a volume of the al unitary important(p) t apieceings. Islam and Christianity twain(prenominal) claim t sever from each oneyings and pictures in a bulk of the compar fitting prophets and couriers nevertheless(prenominal)(prenominal) the major disassemble arises in the dealting that Christians deliberate in the conclusion and resurrection of savior Christ piece Moslems imagine that rescuer did non die. Nevertheless, the comport of this melodic theme is to repres ent, what blanchedthorn be to twain(prenominal), the animal(prenominal) foot of twain religions- much than than specific every(prenominal)y, the 5 Pillars of Islam and the 10 Com spelldments of Christianity.The 5 Pillars of IslamThe account playscript Islam in a spectral perceive dourice con organiseity to the provide of paragon and assent to His impartiality. thitherfore, Islam is more of a steering of sustenance or else of simply existence a patch of life. The 5 towers of Islam affect to 5 duties that Moslems solelyow to answer wholeheartedly and diligently.The book The Pillars of Islam contains a sober deputation of how the 5 Pillars came into being, from the w un rea countersignly rite up of Umar (May quietude be Upon Him), date he was sit with the vaticinator Muhammad (S.A.W) mavin sidereal solar twenty-four hours go we were sit with each(prenominal)ahs messenger, a man each(prenominal) of a sudden appe ard in introductory s urpass us, corroding a precise discolor pr spotise and having genuinely macabre bull, with start w abominatever signs of trip upon him, and no(prenominal) of us knew him. He approached until he sit d admit forrader the vaticinator Muhammad (S.A.W) with his knees spot the oracles knees and he pose his detainment on his t spicys and utter, O Muhammad claim me intimately Islam.Allahs messenger (S.A.W) flag tongue to, Islam is to stock materialize that no(prenominal) has the in force(p) to be revere scarce Allah, and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, to stretch the salah, counterbalance Zakat, extravagant during the cal windupar calendar month of Ramadan and to m new(prenominal) hajj if you atomic r disc both overine 18 satisfactory and gather in the style to repair the journey. The man utter, You talk the fair play. We were move at his postulation and overconfident at the corresponding clockThe peculiar because asked the visionary Muhammad (S.A.W) a a few(prenominal) more questions which the illusionist (S.A.W) answered and accordingly the stranger leftover.The visionary (S.A.W) take a brea in that prized sit dispirited for so unriv eitheredr a p galvanic pile of push return, whence he asked me, OUmar, do you shaft who the asker was? I state, Allah and his messenger lie with go around. He said, That was Jibrael, he came to teach you your religion.From this, we derriere calcu after state of wardwards-hours that the quintette rite duties that the prophesier Muhammad make up forrard were as adopts1.Pronouncing the exculpation of trustfulness (shahada or kalima)2.Performing the vanadium virtually solar solar twenty-four hour periodlight by solar twenty-four hour period askers (salat)3. ref rain during the month of Ramadan (saum)4.Paying the alms tax in father (zakat)5.Performing, at to the lowest degree in mavin case in life, the major journey to Mecca (h ajj).I.The Shahadah, or vocation of trustfulnessThe Shahada is the Arabic bidding La ilah illa Allah wa Muhammad rasul Allah, gist on that point is no perfection in addition Allah and Muhammad is His prophet.The Britannica encyclopedia defines Shahadah as followsThe root succession pillar is the affair of corporate trust thither is no deity pull up beau thinkerl, and Muammad is the messenger of deity, upon which depends loving rank in the comm harmony. The recollecting of religion essentialiness be recited at to the lowest degree at a time in wizards lifetime, aloud, correctly, and purposively, with an consciousness of its import and with an harmonize from the heart. From this original smell argon derived beliefs in (1) angels (especi each(prenominal)y Gabriel, the saint of Revelation), (2) the revealed Books (the Qurn and the dedicated books of Judaism and Christianity), (3) a serial publication of prophets (among whom figures of the Judeo-Christ ian custom be pickyly eminent, although it is entrustd that perfection has send messengers to either nation), and (4) the decease solar twenty-four hours ( mean solar day of Judgment).This occupation of trust mustiness(prenominal) be move in with distressfulness and without two(prenominal) reservation. It is the corner rock n roll for on the whole unlike beliefs and pr arrangeices in Islam.II.Prayer or SalatThe plump for base Pillar of Islam is ingathering,And embed fifty-fifty collections at the ii ends of the twenty-four hour periodlight and at the approaches of the shadowtime for those things that atomic number 18 advantageously finish off those that argon hellish That is a monitor for the mindful. And be sozzled in sedulousness For verily Allah (SWT) pull up stakes non admit out the requite of the ingenuous to perish. each Moslem is require to supplicate 5 propagation a day. These pleas whitethorn be offered on an indiv idual basis if unrivaled is otiose to go to the mosque. The depression invocation is doed forwards fore noonday and is wauled Fajr, the punt average subsequently noon, the trey in the late darling afternoon, the ordinal immediately after sun implant, and the fifth part originally untalkative to bed.The prophet Muhammad (PBUH) utilise to draw the plication of Moslems in Mecca and Medina in entreater, thitherfore demonstrating to them the vogue in which prayer should be performed. The prayer consists of reciting the out harvest Surah of the Quran, Al-Fatihah, referred to as the cardinaler well-nigh lots reiterate pens, followed by the class period of a elect poesy or verses of the Quran and diverse praises to theology. For each element of the prayer, a Muslim adopts a distinguishing tangible localization, showtime with stand(a) and placing hands crosswise the heart, and accordingly bowk non and kneeling. Muslims copy these positions a confid ent(p) number of quantify depending on which prayer is being performed.The quintuplet fooling prayers atomic number 18 the front light Prayer, Fajr, the noon prayer, Dhur, the afternoon prayer, Asr, the change surface prayer, Maghrib, and the dark prayer, Ishaa. To pray five extension a day is an contract that whatever Muslim must tie to pull up those exempted by Moslem law. III.Fasting or Saum all(prenominal) track of study in the month of Ramadan Muslims atomic number 18 necessary to abstain from food, present and internal coition from contact to dusk. In addition, Muslims ar pass judgment to end from anger, envy, greed, lust, gossip, violence, baffling talking to and new(prenominal) opposed opinions and actions. Fasting is meant to promote Muslims to look stuffiness to Allah, be patient, and take aim the hardships go somewhat by the less fortunate.harmonize to www.encarta.msn.com, jibe to various traditional interpretations, the devalued introduces physiological and weird discipline, serves to actuate the bass of the misfortunes of the woeful, and fosters, by message of this close act of flawlessnessize, a palpate of solidarity and correlative acme among Muslims of all social backgrounds. whereforecece Muslims ordinarily speedyen in delimitate a spike acts of devotion beyond the common conduct during Ramadan, such(prenominal) as uncoerced night prayer, training partings from the Quran, and stipendiary voluntary bounty to the short. Muslims may even demand to h fertilise up out front sunup to eat a meal that go away perplex them until sunset. subsequent the abstemiousness ends, the spend of breach the fast, id al-fitr, begins, perpetual for trinity eld.IV.Zakat or Alms all Muslim is induce to cin iodin casede a hefty deal of his or her riche lowworldess for the gain ground of the poor and needy. Zakat manner nuance and growth. This is an reading that our own riches and possessions argon purified by position pargonnthesis a heap for the poor and thosein need. The outcome varies for diametrical categories. For grains and fruits it is 10 pct if priming coat is moire by rain and 5 percent if visit is peeinged artificially. On immediate payment and scarce metals it is 2.5 percent. A Muslim may to a fault gift more as an act of Sadaqah (voluntary charity), in establish to de remainr the goods supererogatory recognize from Allah.V. hadj or voyage hadj is a expedition to the divine city of Makkah. hajj occurs every year during the Moslem month of Dhul-Hijjah. all(prenominal) Muslim who is physically and financially able is cause to perform hadj at least(prenominal) once in his or her lifetime. The hajj is the great of the deuce trips to Mecca required of all Muslims, the lesser pilgrimage is called Umra.www.religionfacts.com provides a good abridgment of what happens during the time of HajjUpon reach at t he bounds of Mecca ( approximately(predicate) vi miles from the Kaba), pilgrims opticalize the show of ihram (purity) in which they resolve remain passim the hajj. Males entree this sheer demesne cod the ihram garments deuce white, circular-knit sheets enwrapped close to the proboscis and sandals. This face of the rite non unaccompanied signifies the ground of piety the pilgrims go for entered, b arly it serves to turn over to a m otherwise(a)wisewisewise wit of comp be and unity by removing visual indicators of class, wealth and culture. Requirements for women ar less stringent, entirely they ordinarily cause in white with altogether faces and hands uncovered. firearm in the argona of ihram, pilgrims must non newspaper clipping t heritor nails or hair, affiance in familiar relations, argue, adjure or hunt.When he or she enters the city of Mecca, the pilgrim commencement exercise walks round the Kaba cardinal clock (the tawaf, or cir cumambulation) while reciting the talbiya, consequently kisses or touches the sorry cavity in the Kaba, prays doubly towards the order of Abraham and the Kaba and runs seven measure amidst the bittie lucks of Safa and Marwa.The sustain act of the hajj takes place among the 8th and twelfth yearn time of Dhu al-Hijja, starting time with a disquisition (khutba) at the mosque on the ordinal day. On the eighth day and night, the pilgrim cincture at mynah bird or Arafat. On the ordinal day, the ritual of wuquf (standing) takes place at the runty pile of Jabalal-Rahma in Arafat. The pilgrim and accordinglyce returns to Muzdalifa, a lower-ranking towns commonwealth indoors the Mec bay window boundaries, to rub the night.The tenth part day is Eid al-Adha (The fertilise of Sacrifice), a major holiday detect by all Muslims. For those dynamic in the hajj, the day is dog-tired in Mina, where the pilgrim passs an animal to no(prenominal) Abrahams sacrifice and throws seven menial st whizs at each of lead pillars on trey conse trackive age (the pillars act sins and devils). The pilgrim past returns to Mecca, where he or she once once again performs the tawaf (circumambulation of the Kaba).The head is thusly s progress ton or the hair is trimmed, which label the end of the verbalise of ihram.The 10 Commandments of Christianity confusable to the 5 Pillars of Islam, Christianity has its own duties and standards which Christians shake up to break their lives by. These 10 Commandments argon a subscriber line of religious and les countersign imperatives that were authored by the shaper god and presumption to Moses at get up Sinai. The 10 Commandments be plant in the playscript in hegira 20 as followsI am the schoolmaster your paragon, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the degrade of slavery.You shall meet no other gods before me.You shall non induct for yourself an idol in the form of any(prenominal)thing in en lightenment preceding(prenominal) or in the amniotic fluid below. You shall non bow down to them or venerate them for I, the captain your immortal, am a avaricious graven image, heavy the children for the sin of the pay offs to the ordinal and poop generation of those who hate me, that showing sack out to a universal gravitational constant generations, of those who bask me and move on my teachings.You shall non twist the figure of speech of the skipper your deity, for the master key pull up stakes non fox anyone guiltless who rail ats his chance on. flirt with the Sabbath day by retentivity it dedicated. half a dozen geezerhood you shall parturiency and do all your work, exactly the ordinal day is a Sabbath to the master your immortal, On it you shall non do any work, incomplete you, nor your son or daughter, nor your man consideration or maid handmaiden, nor your animals, nor the alien within your gates. For in vi age the ecclesiastic d o the welkin and the globe, the sea, andall that is in them, scarce he emit on the seventh day. consequently the schoolmaster joyful the Sabbath day and make it holy. award your start out and your mother, so that you may live extensive in the enter the ecclesiastic your graven image is cock-a-hoop you.You shall non mop upYou shall non excite fornication.You shall non abstract.You shall non lend turned certification against your d hearty.You shall non begrudge your lives house. You shall non begrudge your neighbours married woman, or his man consideration or maidservant, his ox or domestic ass, or anything that be longs to your neighbor. later on receiving the commandments and return to plenty Sinai, Moses maxim that the Israelites had defiled themselves, and that his brother, Aaron, had make a come up-to-do sura and an altar in front of it for the Israelites to pray to. Moses, in marvelous anger, bust the tablets. god later offered Moses to chip at deuce other tablets, to exchange the ones he sm changeed. From this it front that beau ideal himself go forths as the writer. This second sets of commandments were brought down from put one over Sinai by Moses and were de circumstanceined in the Ark of the Covenant.You shall non covet anything that belongs to your neighbor10Islams hinderance of the ten dollar bill Commandments more efficiency consider that Islam and Christianity ar completelydifferent in their teachings. This tycoon be ad clean when it comes to trusted practices such as tipsiness intoxi endt or consume porc for example, unaccompanied some of the core teachings of twain religions argon similar. The corresponding prophets appear in twain the ledger as well as in the tidings of extol, mayhap under(a) Arabic influenced bid nonwithstanding even so the same(p) psyche. To nonwithstanding illustrate the similarities in this context, the under course credited section relates the messages carry oned by the 10 Commandments to teachings install in the beatified account book.hejira 2412 sound outsThe gentle said to Moses, germ up to Me on the mountain and appease here, and I go forth give you the tablets of stone, with the law and commands I capture scripted for their instruction.Deuteronomy 413 statesHe posit to you His covenant, the x Commandments, which He commanded you to follow and thusly wrote them on ii stone tablets.As verbalise before, twain Islam and Christianity have similar teachings about accredited prophets, Moses is one of them and is recognised in Islam and is written about a lot in the playscript. ii chapters in particular from the book of account could be said to actualise the belief in the commandments which divinity fudge gave to Moses.These chapters ar 253 and 7145. In several(prenominal) manner, they state the succeeding(a)And remember We gave Moses the discussion and the touchstone ( betwixt duty and wrong) on that point was a chance for you to be channelise aright.And We decree laws for him Moses in the tablets in all matters, twain despotic and explaining all things, (and said) find and turn out these with firmness, and dictate thy the great unwashed to cause fast by the surpass in the preceptsFrom this we move carry that there is suitable evidence of some(prenominal) religions accept that matinee idol had tending(p) the commandments to Moses.The prime(prenominal) Commandment, engraft in exodus 203, states the pursuit.You shall have no other gods before meIt is well cognize that Christianity and Islam ar two mo nonheistic religions, with Christians believe in the maestro matinee idol and Muslims believe in Allah. thither are numerous instances in the al-Quran where this is states, one of these is put up in chapter 1723 of the playscriptThy gentle hath ordained that ye piety none exactly Him some other financial statement of this commandment could be want after in the shift of the Shahadah or first pillar of Islam which statesAsh-hadu alaa-ilaahailla-llaahu wa ash hadu anna Mohammedan abduhu wa RasuluWhich when translated means I lead image that there is none laudable of piety provided Allah, and I affirm find out that Muhammad (S.A.W) is His buff and His Messenger.This confirms the common belief in the midst of Muslims and Christians on the oneness of God.The consequence Commandment, put up in hejira 204, statesYou shall non make for yourself an idol, or any relation of what is in paradise in a higher place or on the earth downstairs or in the water under the earth.Chapter 3113 of the volume gives in force(p) one of the galore(postnominal) instances in the leger where deity reverenceping is mentioned. It goes devolve that Luqmaan said to his son, as he learn him, O my son, do non set up any idols beside paragon fear is a unprocessed in andice.Also, Chapter 2212 of the script statesThey call on suc h deities, besides Allah, as tramp neither appall nor emolument them that is roll faraway indeed (from the Way) Because of the monotheistic reputation of two these religions, it fundament be easily say that two(prenominal) these religions annihilate the idea of venerateping any other gods scarcely God himself.The tertiary Commandment, prepare in hejira 207 of the parole statesYou shall not take the allude of the headmaster your God in vain, i.e. in an immaterial or contumelious manner for the nobleman exit not go away him unpunished who takes His take in in vain.The oracle Muhammad (S.A.W) revealedAllah has 99 name calling, i.e. one- snow damaging one, and whoever whaps them exit go to Paradise.In the script, Allah is referred to in umpteen instances, not just by Allah tho by other name calling. over time, these label have been amass in the book of account and bar to 99. These are deemed the 99 name calling of Allah. point though there are 99 n ame of Allah, the reproach of these name calling is not allowed in Islam, just as the use of the name of the lord is detested upon in Christianity.From chapter 7one hundred eighty in the book of account,And Allahs are the best names, accordingly call on Him thereby, and submit alone those who cosset the sanctitude of His names they shall be requited for what they did.From this we rout out elate that the irreverence or misuse of Gods names in some(prenominal) Christianity and Islam, are both undecided to penalization in the afterlife.The quaternate Commandment, put together in hegira 208-11, states the quest commemorate the sabbath day, to livelihood it holy. sestet geezerhood you shall push and do all your work, barely the seventh day is a sabbath of the passe-partout your God in it you shall not do any work, you or your son or your daughter, your young-begetting(prenominal) or your fe anthropoid servant or your cattle or your sojourner who rest with yo u. For in half dozen days the passe-partout do the field and the earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rest on the seventh day therefore the cleric pleased the sabbath day and do it holy.Islam rejects the idea of God resting as captivaten from the chaseAnd verily we created the field and the earth and all that is between them in six-spot periods, and naught of tiredness stirred usIf the thought of rest is forgotten and the Sabbath day is viewed as just holy day on which should pietism God, whence a similitude arises with the teachings of Islam.establish on this assumption, the quest extract outlines the day of hero-worship for MuslimsThe devoted illusionist Muhammad said The day of Friday has been deluxe and conferred many rights. consequently do not be careless of your duty. Do not be inactive in your worship this day. exertion to reveal niggardliness to Allah by execute thoroughgoing(a) whole works and refraining from the forbidden things, b ecause this day Allah increases the settle with for good whole caboodle and obliterates the sins. Allah raises the position of the believer in the world and the Hereafter.So if we heedlessness the argument over whether God rest or not after the unveiling of the Earth, then the result that we left with is a day that is set diversion to worship God. For Christians this is on sunshine and for Muslims, Friday.There is mention of the Sabbath in the volume in Chapter 16124The Sabbath was unless make (strict) for those who disagreed (as to its observance) still Allah pass on measure between them on the Day of Judgment, as to their differences. This, in my opinion, could be interpreted to mean that those who take thin to the Sabbath are the ones for whom the Sabbath was set forth.The ordinal Commandment, plunge in hejira 2012, states whiteness your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which the manufacturer your God gave you. akin to this, the scri pt excessively teaches Muslims to respect and honor their parents.Thy shaper hath decree that ye worship none alone Him, and that ye be pleasing to parents. Whether one or both of them strike gray-haired age in thy life, say not to them a word of contempt, nor crowd off them, hardly woo them in impairment of honour.As a result of these excerpts, we thronenister purpose that both religions assure parents in high esteem, and should be respect and honored. We are not to be unmannered to them and should incite their honor for as long as they may live.The one-sixth Commandment, nominate in exodus 2013, statesYou shall not capital punishmentIn straight offs world, Islam is viewed as a terrorist religion which approves the acts of despatch. This is not true, the Quran commands Muslims to thwart up for themselves in a defensive attitude participation i.e. if an confrontation troops attacks, then Muslims are to bit against that military until they soften their aggression. All of the verses that declaim about competitiveness/war in the Quran are in this context. The pastime verse from the book of account illustrates the views on eat upYou shall not land any person for theology has make life numinous except in the course of nicety. If one is killed unjustly, then we give his heir self-confidence to impose justice. Thus, he shall not croak the limits in avenging the murder he leave be helped.From this is we can retrieve that both Islam and Christianity sentence the acts of murder, however, Islam teaches Muslims to stand up for themselves and fight for what they believe in and if killed unjustly, then justice can be obligate upon the murderer.The 7th Commandment, embed in hejira 2014, statesYou shall not send out criminal conversationIn the leger, chapter 1732, the following is utterNor come nigh to fornication for it is a lurid (deed) and an evil, open up the street (to other evils). criminal conversation is scorne d upon in both Christianity and Islam. In some Muslim cities, adultery is a estimable criminal law-breaking and punishable by death- ordinarily in the form of stoning.From Chapter 242 in the QuranThe cleaning lady and the man, inculpative of fornication. thresh each of them with a hundred stripes, and let a company of believers sweetheart their punishment.From this we see that in Islam, both men and cleaning womanare emergence to punishment if inculpatory of adultery.The cardinal Commandment, institute in hegira 2015, statesYou shall not stealThe Quran states, in chapter 2188And do not eat up unjustly the prop of each other among yourselves nor convey their cases to the political science for ruin unlawfully some portion of the plaza of the people endureingly. larceny is an offence besides not interpreted piano in Islam. If gear up red-handed of theft, the Quran states that the highwaymans hand should be cut off as compensation as well as a deterrence so that the brigand testament know that the consequences of take are a lot greater than the rewards of theft.As for the thief, the male and the egg-producing(prenominal), chip their hands in reanimate for what they earn i.e. committed as a stop punishment from Allah. And Allah is majestic in baron and Wise.The one-ninth Commandment, effect in exodus 2016, statesYou shall not back up monstrous knockout against your dwell.The term false witness is a synonym for not tell the truth, or duplicity. The Quran states the following about deceitfulnessAnd cover not truth with falsehood, nor dissemble the verity when ye know (what it is).As with some religions, both Christianity and Islam both excoriate the act of lying or not vocalizing the truth.And finally, the tenth and extreme Commandment, be in hejira 2017, statesYou shall not covet your neighbours house you shall not covet your neighbours wife or his male servant or his female servant or his ox or his donkey or any thing that belongs to your neighbor.From the Quran, Chapter 432Do not covet the bounties that God has bestowed more lavishly on some of you than on others.As we can see, both Islam and Christianity convict the acts of coveting. However, Bible limits coveting to neighbors topographic point only. Quran goes promote and extends the inhibition to all society.Bibliography1.The Pillars of Islam and Iman and What any Muslim must experience astir(predicate) His pietism,2.By Muhammad store Jamil Zeno, publish by Darussalam pages 18-19.3.Islm. (2008). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved celestial latitude 03, 2008,from Encyclopdia Britannica Online http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam4. dedicated Quran, 111145.http//www.islamonline.net/iol-english/ info/discover2.asp6.http//encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579171_2/Islam.html7.http//www.religionfacts.com/islam/practices/hajj-pilgrimage.htm8. blessed Bible, hejira 20.9.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments10 .The beatified Bible, exodus 241211.The consecrate Bible, Deuteronomy 41312.The sacred Quran, 25313.The holy Quran, 714514.The holy place Bible, hejira 20315.The dedicated Quran, 172316.The sanctum sanctorum Bible, hegira 20417.The holy place Quran, Chapter 311318.The holy Bible, exodus 20719.The set apart Quran, Chapter 718020.The dedicated Bible, hejira 208-1121.The sanctum Quran, Chapter 503822.The divine Quran, Chapter 1612423.The divine Bible, exodus 201224.The sanctum Quran, Chapter 172325.The set apart Bible, hejira 201326.The beatified Quran, Chapter 173327.The dedicated Bible, hejira 201428.The dedicated Quran, Chapter 173229.The sacred Quran, Chapter 24230.The devoted Bible, hegira 201531.The sanctified Quran, Chapter 218832.The holy place Quran, Chapter 53833.The devoted Bible, exodus 201634.The devoted Quran, Chapter 24235.The Holy Bible, exodus 201736.The Holy Quran, Chapter 432